最上義光歴史館

The Surrender of Yatsunuma Castle

　　Entrenched within Yatsunuma Castle, there was a lord called Kishi Mimasaka no Kami. Since this castle lord claimed the surrounding territories as his own and did not submit to the authority of Lord Yoshiaki, his lordship saw fit to lead his great army in an assault upon Mimasaka no Kami’s position. Reaching their destination, the Mogami soldiers quickly surrounded Yatsunuma Castle on all sides and commenced to swarm up the mountainsides towards their target, but with the fortification vigorously defended by Koseki Kazaemon and many other skilled and powerful archers, capturing it proved no easy matter.
　　Moreover, the Mogami troops had neglected to bring with them many weapons of assault, for they had looked condescendingly upon Yatsunuma as a small castle that would pose them little challenge, and the headlong scramble of the Mogami soldiers to assail the castle resulted in a large number of casualties in the space of but a short time.
　　“Taking this castle will be more difficult than I had expected,” said Lord Yoshiaki. “Let us first establish a siege camp and have more weapons prepared.” In response to this command, the Mogami soldiers who had penetrated into the castle withdrew from the main castle gate and retreated a short distance. Emboldened by this development, the castle soldiers sallied forth to pursue the Mogami troops to the foot of the mountain.
　　“It is a stroke of luck for us that our enemies have ventured forth,” said Lord Yoshiaki, turning his horse back. “Let us turn this to our advantage and take the castle.”
　　It was then that an enemy warrior, attired in a scarlet-threaded suit of armor and wearing a helmet ornamented with a dragon’s head, emerged from the ranks of the enemy mounted upon a sturdy fawn-colored horse with a pole sword held at his side. Fixing his eyes upon this sight, Lord Yoshiaki cried out, “Ah, there is an enemy worth fighting!” and before these words had even left his mouth, he had touched his own horse with his whip and bolted forward.
　　“Do not demean yourself by crossing swords with an enemy unworthy of your lordship!” cried his attendants in an attempt to stop their master, but Lord Yoshiaki shook off their restraining hands and galloped directly towards the enemy soldier, approaching him from the left and knocking him from his horse with a single blow of his famous iron baton. He then leapt down from his horse and wrenched off his enemy’s head, and Ujiie Owari no Kami galloped up to find his lordship holding the severed head high. Appearing greatly vexed, Owari no Kami berated his master.
　　“My lord, for whose benefit do you flaunt that head in your hands? How can you forget your exalted rank and condescend to act like a common soldier? Persisting in behavior like this will no doubt doom you to an ignominious death, and can it be that you have forgotten what you yourself so recently said when we slew Hashiba Kanjūrō of Sagae? You derided Kanjūrō for forgetting his high rank and letting his passion and desire for glory propel him into battle in advance of his own men, allowing him to be so easily manipulated and cut down by our side – but what your lordship has done is beneath even this. It is disgraceful, so disgraceful!” Owari no Kami wept as he confronted Lord Yoshiaki, and his lordship received his vassal’s rebuke shamefacedly, holding onto the trophy in his hands for some more minutes. “Here, take it,” he finally said, tossing the head to one of his attendants.
　　 After seeing Lord Yoshiaki himself wield his sword against the enemy, his mounted bodyguard had also hurled themselves furiously into battle, as indeed had all his soldiers down to the humblest pages, slaying the enemy, seizing their belongings, and fighting bravely and heroically. Faced with this onslaught, the castle soldiers began to fall back.
　　“To me, men – let us stamp the enemy under our feet!” cried his lordship as he once again attempted to ride into the fray, but he was restrained by Owari no Kami. “Have you so quickly forgotten my words to you?” Owari no Kami cried as he galloped straight out, spear in hand, to lead the assault against the enemy. At this, a great clamor broke out among the two thousand some men of the Mogami force, and warriors both young and old cried out, “Do not let Lord Ujiie come to harm!” and “We must protect Owari no Kami!” as they drew their swords and plunged into battle. They broke through the enemy lines and gave chase to the fleeing units, rounding them up and fighting so ferociously that the enemy soldiers found themselves completely overwhelmed, scattering in all directions as they fled back towards the castle.
　　Determined to maintain this momentum and use the enemy’s retreat as an opportunity to take the castle, Lord Yoshiaki took command. He gave orders with great vigor, and no sooner would his eager young soldiers receive an order than they would dash away on their horses, heedless of the steep mountain sides or precipices, in their relentless pursuit of the fleeing enemy soldiers. Finding their way back to the castle blocked by the wooden gates and abatisses they themselves had constructed, the soldiers of the castle garrison fled in every direction. Some who found themselves with no further route of escape slew themselves with their swords, while others leapt to their deaths on the valley floor below. In the midst of this melee, castle lord Kishi Mimasaka no Kami and a group of twenty-four attendants that included Koseki Kazaemon turned back to do battle at the castle gate, repulsing the attacking Mogami soldiers and managing to entrench themselves in the castle. With no resolution to this standoff in sight, however, the group in the castle proceeded to tender all manner of apologies, and that very evening they surrendered the castle and emerged in defeat. Lord Yoshiaki summoned to his presence four or five members of the castle garrison, including Koseki Kazaemon, whose deeds in defense of their castle had been particularly meritorious, and he appointed them hatamoto(1) retainers in his own service.
　　The iron baton borne in battle by Lord Yoshiaki was a weapon that he kept upon his person at all times until the resolution of his conflict with Uesugi Kōmon Kagekatsu, but in the peace that followed, his lordship had the baton inlaid with the inscription “Yoshiaki, High General of Mogami” and placed in his storehouse for a descendant who might be deemed worthy of bearing it. This iron baton no doubt remains in the possession of the Mogami family to this day.


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(1) Literally “under the banner”, hatamoto refers to the direct retainers who served as a lord’s closest and most trusted subordinates

>>CONTENTS

The Fall of Tendo Castle

　　The capture of Yatsunuma Castle increased Lord Yoshiaki’s might considerably, and he now controlled most of the land to the west of the Mogami River.
　　He continued, however, to encounter resistance from the leader of the Tendō clan. “For long years,” the Tendō lord declared, “the eight castles of the Shimosuji region have been allied under the leadership of the Tendō clan – why should we be obliged to bow down to Yoshiaki now?” He then proceeded to fortify his castle and entrench himself within, so that even when Lord Yoshiaki led his great army in an assault on Tendō Castle, he found the castle defended by many accomplished warriors and was prevented from taking it easily. Lord Yoshiaki had his troops retreat a short ways to build a siege castle, and it was there that they spent some days.
　　Now, commanding the Tendō force was a man by the name of Nobesawa Noto no Kami who was, it goes without saying, a constitutionally vigorous and powerful warrior who stood head and shoulders above the rest.
　　There is a story told about Noto no Kami when he was a youth of seventeen or eighteen. A group of warriors, young and old, were gathered together and talking of matters related to the art of battle when a young soldier who was responsible for the ringing of signal bells stepped forward to speak.
　　“As all of you know,” he said, “the gold merchant Kichiji Nobutaka built a shrine in these parts that is called the Ryōsho Gongen Shrine, and contained within this shrine is a large bell that requires the strength of some five or six men to move. Not long ago, there was a group of brawny men who thought to demonstrate their superior muscular prowess by lifting the bell in groups of two or three, but they ultimately failed in the challenge they had set themselves. What think you of this, Lord Noto no Kami? You are reputed to possess great strength, but would you be equal to the task of lifting the bell that I speak of unaided?”
　　Noto no Kami smiled. “If I am indeed able to lift this bell alone, will it be mine to do with as I will?
　　“By all means – feel free to take it for yourself. If you succeed in doing so, we will provide the shrine with another bell,” came the bold response from the group.
　　“In that case, if you would be so kind as to bear witness,” said 　Noto no Kami, and, accompanied by all those present, he made his way to the aforementioned shrine where he grasped the bell and raised it effortlessly, placing it over his head. “It is with many thanks that I accept the gift of this bell,” he said, and it is told that he then took the bell to a place within his domain called Tsuruko, hanging it at an old temple there.
　　Noto no Kami also features in the tale of a certain battle.
　　On this occasion, a great wave of soldiers had poured forth from Tendō Castle, advancing as far as the Senjudō border to do battle, but then quickly turning back. “Make sure that none of the enemy escapes alive,” ordered Lord Yoshiaki when he observed their actions, and his brave young soldiers responded with alacrity. “We will dispatch them with pleasure, your lordship,” they cried as they set upon the enemy at full speed, and the Tendō force turned back in their tracks to face them. Clouds of dust filled the air as the fighting raged for about an hour, but neither side succeeded in gaining the upper hand. It was then that the Mogami troops under the command of Shimura Kurobei and Yagashiwa Sagami no Kami burst forth from the paths between the rice fields to attack the enemy from both flanks. Finding themselves set upon and cut down from all sides, the beleaguered Tendō soldiers broke into a precipitous retreat, but they were pursued by the Mogami army to the castle perimeter, where many of them were slain.
　　When Nobesawa Noto no Kami saw what was happening to his men, he threw open the front gate of the castle and rode out to meet the enemy in single combat.
　　On this day, Noto no Kami was attired in a black-threaded suit of armor worn over chain mail, and he wore an eight-sided hood on his head. He cut a dashing figure astride his palomino steed, wielding the iron baton, a full meter and a half in length, that he always kept upon his person as if it were of no weight at all. Plowing through the ranks of fleeing Mogami soldiers, he plunged unrestrainedly into the midst of the enemy army, swinging his baton left and right and felling all who stood in his path until there were none left willing to confront him head on.
　　Observing this scene was a man by the name of Yasuma who had lived and trained for many years on Mount Haguro, earning a reputation as a powerful warrior. “Those men are taking quite a beating,” he said, “but Noto no Kami is no invincible god. Let me have a try at him, and we’ll see who proves to be the stronger.” With this, he galloped straight out towards his adversary, while Noto no Kami cast a sharp look at the advancing figure. “It appears I have a sole challenger among the many here – does he hasten to me to be struck down by this baton of mine? Very well, let me give him a taste of it.” Closing in on his would-be opponent from the left, Noto no Kami lifted his iron baton straight up in the air and brought it squarely down upon the other man, crushing his head down into his torso and causing his horse to collapse under him. Appalled by the ferocity of this attack, the Mogami troops fled desperately away from Noto no Kami, who now stood, dignified and erect, adjusting the belt of his armor. It was from this retreating mass of Mogami soldiers that a single youth of sixteen or seventeen galloped out to single-handedly challenge Noto no Kami, thrusting his sword threateningly towards the powerful warrior’s hands. Displaying not the slightest bit of emotion, Noto no Kami calmly finished tying his belt and reseated himself upon his horse. It was then that he spoke.
　　“Who are you, and what is your name?”
　　“I am Honma Shichirō, eldest son of Honma Samanosuke, and I am seventeen years of age.”
　　A smile came to Noto no Kami’s lips. “You are a brave young man,” he said. “It would be easy enough to strike you down here and now, but I admire your spirit and will let you live.” With these words, he returned to the castle from whence he had come.
　　Having thus escaped the jaws of certain death, Shichirō made his way back to the Mogami encampment, where he was greeted with the derision of his fellow soldiers. “How could an unseasoned soldier such as yourself ever hope to challenge the likes of Noto no Kami?” they laughed.
　　“Noto no Kami is without doubt an extraordinary warrior,” Shichirō replied, “and I know that my meager abilities could never be a match for his. However, even the strongest man would lose his ability to fight were he to have his arms cut off, and it is thus that I had intended to disable, and then dispatch, my enemy. I was thwarted when he kept his arms close to his body to tie his belt, and I am greatly vexed that my plan came to naught.”
　　“It is said that genius shows itself even from childhood,” said his impressed listeners, “and your noble effort shows this indeed to be so.”
　　It was around the same time that a jesting poem was placed by its anonymous author at a shrine by the wayside.


　　　With no Ariji or Sasahara upon the battlefield
　　　Noto no Kami to Lord Yoshiaki surely would yield


　　This poem made reference to Ariji Tajima and Sasahara Iwami, two senior retainers of Noto no Kami said to be no less valorous than their master.
　　This now brings us back to Lord Yoshiaki’s current assault upon Tendō, where the standoff between the two sides continued, prompting the following discussion between Lord Yoshiaki and Ujiie Owari no Kami.
　　“Nobesawa Noto no Kami is not only a warrior of courage and might,” his lordship said, “but also a skilled military strategist. It will be difficult for us to take Tendō Castle as long as he defends it, so we must convince him to come over to our side and become a general in our armies.”
　　The next several days were spent in an attempt to determine what manner of approach would most appeal to Noto no Kami, and a letter was subsequently dispatched from Lord Yoshiaki.
　　“Although your reputation as a great warrior precedes you,” the letter said, “your actions on the present field of battle have indeed been marvelous to see. Were you to transfer your loyalties to me and join my army, I would give to your son Matagorō one of my own daughters in marriage, and his position would be no less than that of my own heir Shuri no Daibu Yoshiyasu. I swear to honor that which I have promised, and may the gods strike me down if I speak falsely.”
　　This letter, containing Yoshiaki’s personal oath and written in his own hand, was delivered to Noto no Kami, who underwent an immediate change of heart upon perusing its contents.
　　“It is surely through the intervention of the divine god of war that this letter has come to me in his lordship’s own hand,” he reasoned, promptly sending his son Matagorō to Lord Yoshiaki as a hostage with the assurance that he himself would follow shortly afterwards. Lord Yoshiaki looked forward to his arrival with great pleasure, and Noto no Kami did not keep him waiting long. Upon arriving, he first met with Owari no Kami, and then, leaving his sword with his lordship’s bodyguard, he was granted an audience with Lord Yoshiaki himself.
　　His lordship showered Noto no Kami with many warm words and bestowed upon him a sword crafted by one of the famed Ichimonji smiths. Noto no Kami accepted this gift reverently, clearly humbled by the honor that was shown to him. “Is it your wish that I should proceed with the attack today?” he inquired, but Lord Yoshiaki demurred. “Evening has already fallen, so the assault will begin at daybreak tomorrow,” he said, and this decision was conveyed to the whole of the Mogami army.
　　Meanwhile, the Tendō side had become aware of Noto no Kami’s defection. There was evidently great apprehension as to whether the battle could be won without him, for, that very evening and in great haste, the Tendō force abandoned the castle, fleeing towards Sendai. Quite unaware of this, the assembled Mogami forces moved in on the castle the following morning at the hour of the rabbit(1), raising a fierce battle cry as they closed in on three sides, but the castle remained silent and still. The Mogami soldiers tore apart the outer fence and abatis, entering the castle only to discover that the entire garrison had fled during the night, with not a soul remaining behind.
　　This was reported to Lord Yoshiaki, who summoned Noto no Kami. Telling him that, “It is your allegiance to our side that has enabled this swift conquest of Tendō,” his lordship awarded Noto no Kami twice the amount of territory that was customary as a reward, making him the provisional ruler of Tendō.


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(1) Sunrise, approximately 6 a.m.

>>CONTENTS

最上義光の四男 山野辺義忠の成長期を探る

【一　はじめに】

　山辺町にお住まいの、永きに渡り郷土史研究にご尽力なされておられる後藤禮三氏は、山野辺義忠について、次のように述べられておられる。

　「山辺町にとって山野辺義忠公の位置付けは、神様・仏様に次ぐ時代が在ったのではないか。寺社を保護しつゝ精神的に地域を一つにまとめる施策を行い、政治的には地域の課題を的確に促えた施政で、民心の安定を図っている。確かに彼がやったものだという具体策としては、はっきり資料に残されているのは少ないにしても、これほど「名領主」として語り伝えられた方は、そう多くはないのではなかろうか」

　羽州山形の地に、確固たる地位を固めた最上出羽守義光の四男として生れ、慶長五年 (1600)の関ヶ原戦以後の、山辺地方で採った施政が後の世まで語り伝えられ、良き評価を与えてきたようだ。
　義光の亡き後の元和八年(1622)の家内騒動に際しては、一方の旗頭として藩政を担い、幕閣の一部勢力との繋がりを持ちながらも、結局は意に反して藩の解体へと最悪の道を採るのではあったが、その後の義忠の生き方を見ると、水戸徳川家に迎えられ、最上家の旧臣の中では異例の出世を成し遂げている。
　本稿は、その一連の過程を云々するものではない。僅かに伝えられてきた史資料を基に、成長期に限定して、その足跡を探し求めるものである。それは、天正二十年(1592)の一家臣の「知行状」の解明から、義忠の成長期を知る新たな発見として、ここに取り上げ解明に努めるものである。しかし、これらが従来の郷土の諸先輩方のご研究に対し、多分に異を唱えることになろうかと思われるが、ご容赦頂ければ幸いである。
■執筆:小野未三

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最上義光の四男 山野辺義忠の成長期を探る

【二　義忠の略歴を見る】

　先ずは義忠の略歴を、[最上家系](光明寺本)から述べてみよう。

「義忠　号山野辺　天正十六子年生　小字於比治利　後右衛門　号右衛門太夫　元和七(八)年蒙秀忠公御勘気、最上領地被召放　預池田宮内太輔忠雄　幽居于国十三年寛永十酉年依家光公命　預水戸頼房卿　賜一万石　後祝髪道慶　寛文四年十二月十四日卒　于水戸七七才　号良源院」

　次に[最上家系図](宝橦寺本)を見てみよう。

「義忠　山野辺右衛門大夫　従五位　住羽州山野辺　元和八戌年常州中納言扶助　寛文四乙辰卒、良源院殿前監門貞誉松屋道慶大居士　義光四男」

　以上・伝える数ある中から二点を選んでみたが、他の系図書をも含め、その内容には殆ど変わりは見られない。巷の伝えによれば、義忠は義光の四男として天正十六年(1588)、大石田町深堀地区の郷士の娘を母として生れ育ち、楯岡城主楯岡豊前守の庇護を受け育ったという。そして、関ヶ原の戦い後の慶長六年(1601)、山辺城主として大石田深堀地区の人々を引き連れ、山辺村の南部に住まわせたという。義忠の十四才頃のことであろう。
　このように伝えられる義忠の出生の経緯や、これから取り上げていく複数の「知行状」から、聖丸(比治利・義忠)と名乗った幼少の頃の、最上一族としての領分が、楯岡満茂 (後の本城豊前守)の勢力圏内、若しくは隣接した地域に存在していたことが判る。
　楯岡城主の満英が、東根氏滅亡の際に共に死亡したという天正十三年(1585)以後は、その子という満茂が、いずれの勢力圏の内に吸収されて行ったのか。
　[曽根家文書]からの天正九年(1581)前後かと確認される、天童氏宛の楯岡満茂署名の書状から推察すると、既に楯岡地区の支配圏を握っていたのは、満茂であったと考えられる。
■執筆:小野未三

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